![]() In developing countries, there is much political and commercial pressure for controlling the N application with the sacrifice of the crop harvest. ![]() It is essential to understand the fates of soil water (SW) and N in agricultural systems in order to attain higher crop yields and N usage efficiency. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭuring the agricultural tillage management, the maximum crop production and minimum diffuse nitrogen (N) loading are the priority issues that need to be considered at the same time. 41371018, 51121003), the Supporting Program of the “Twelfth Five-year” Plan? for Sci & Tech Research of China (2012BAD15B05), and The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The research discussed in this paper benefited from financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: We are grateful for assistance with the data requirements of the Bawujiu Farm in Heilongjiang Province. Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: July 7, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Ouyang et al. PLoS ONE 9(7):Įditor: Guoping Zhang, Zhejiang University, China The soil hydrological process due to special soil texture and the temporal features of rainfall determined the maize growth in the freeze-thawing agricultural area.Ĭitation: Ouyang W, Chen S, Cai G, Hao F (2014) Dryland Soil Hydrological Processes and Their Impacts on the Nitrogen Balance in a Soil-Maize System of a Freeze-Thawing Agricultural Area. With soil water loss and N balance calculation, the N usage efficiency ( NUE) over the 0–90 cm soil profile was 43%. Over the entire growing season, the soil nitrate N decreased by amounts ranging from 48.9 kg N ha −1 to 65.3 kg N ha −1 over the 90 cm profile and the loss of ammonia-N ranged from 9.79 to 12.69 kg N ha −1. The maximum N accumulative rate reached about 500 mg m −2d −1 in leaves and grain. The dry weight and N concentration of maize organs (root, leaf, stem, tassel, and grain) demonstrated the N accumulation increased to a peak in the maturity period and that grain had the most N. The evapo-transpiration (ET), rainfall, and water loss analysis demonstrated that these factors increased in same temporal pattern and provided necessary water conditions for maize growth in a short period. Soil storage water averages at 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm were observed to be 490.2, 593.8, and 358 m 3 ha −1, respectively, during the growing season. The temporal-vertical soil water storage analysis indicated the local albic soil texture provided a stable soil water condition for maize growth with the rainfall as the only water source. With the daily monitoring of soil water content and acquisition rates at 15, 30, 60 and 90 cm depths, the soil hydrological process with the influence of rainfall was identified. Few investigations have addressed the dynamics of dryland N and its association with the soil hydrological process in a freeze-thawing agricultural area. Understanding the fates of soil hydrological processes and nitrogen (N) is essential for optimizing the water and N in a dryland crop system with the goal of obtaining a maximum yield.
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